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Ruby
Ruby is the most valuable variety of the corundum mineral species, which also includes sapphire.
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Research
Geology of Corundum and Emerald Gem Deposits: A Review
Over the last two decades, knowledge of the formation of gem deposits has improved significantly. This article reviews the state of our knowledge of the geology and genesis of gem corundum and emerald deposits.
Field Gemology: Building a Research Collection and Understanding the Development of Gem Deposits
With more than 90 field expeditions on six continents since 2008, GIA has accumulated over 22,000 colored stone reference samples. This extensive collection of colored stones with known origins supports GIA’s research on geographic origin determination.
The Geographic Origin Dilemma
An overview of the geographic origin complexities facing the gem and jewelry industry today.
Geographic Origin Determination of Ruby
The world ruby market has undergone dramatic change in recent years, especially with the development of ruby mining in Mozambique. This contribution outlines GIA’s methods and criteria for establishing the geographic origin of ruby.
Mineral Inclusions in Ruby and Sapphire from the Bo Welu Gem Deposit in Chanthaburi, Thailand
Identifies mineral inclusions in corundum from this locality for comparison with other global deposits.
A Decade of Ruby from Mozambique: A Review
Reviews the mining history, market impact, and properties of ruby from northern Mozambique near Montepuez, now the world’s most productive source.
Rex Guo: The Science and Art of Recutting Fine Gemstones
Update on "Low-Temperature" Heat Treatment of Mozambican Ruby: A Focus on Inclusions and FTIR Spectroscopy
Non-Bead-Cultured Pearls from Pinctada margaritifera
A new report from GIA's Bangkok laboratory examines a set of 120 NBC samples stated to be of "Tahitian" origin.
Preliminary Observations on Facet-Grade Ruby from Longido, Tanzania
Microscopic observation and trace element analysis is performed on rubies from Longido.
Chart: Inclusions in Natural, Synthetic, and Treated Ruby
Provides a visual guide to the internal features of natural, synthetic, and treated rubies.
Accurate Reporting of Key Trace Elements in Ruby and Sapphire Using Matrix-Matched Standards
Presents a group of corundum standards developed by GIA to improve the accuracy and efficiency of its laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) instruments.
