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Ruby
Ruby is the most valuable variety of the corundum mineral species, which also includes sapphire.
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Research
Beryllium Diffusion of Ruby and Sapphire
The heat treatment of corundum involving lattice diffusion of beryllium (Be) at temperatures over 1800°C has become a major issue in the gem trade.
Natural and Synthetic Rubies on the Basis of Trace-Element Chemistry
Natural and synthetic gem rubies can be separated on the basis of their trace-element chemistry.
Trapiche Rubies
Ruby crystals from Southeast Asia with a fixed six-rayed star, similar in effect to trapiche emeralds from Colombia, are described.
Ruby and Sapphire from the Southern Ural Mountains, Russia
Primary occurrences of ruby, pink sapphire, sapphires of other colors, and spinel have been found in marbles in the Ural Mountains.
Status of Ruby and Sapphire Mining in the Mogok Stone Tract
Burma, now named Myanmar, has for centuries been considered the world's preeminent source of fine rubies.
Carbon Dioxide Fluid Inclusions as Proof of Natural-Colored Corundum
An important clue in identifying natural-colored corundum is the presence of carbon dioxide fluid inclusions.
The Rubies of Burma: A Review of the Mogok Stone Tract
A review of the history of this area, its geology, and the mining methods that have predominated.
The Chanthaburi-Trat Gem Field, Thailand
Thailand has become the world's major source of gem ruby.
Sri Lanka: The Gem Island
An overview of the many types of gem-quality material, and its inclusions, currently found in Sri Lanka.
Heat Treating Ruby and Sapphire: Technical Aspects
A review of heat treatment methods available for use on natural or synthetic corundum.
