The Geographic Origin Dilemma
An overview of the geographic origin complexities facing the gem and jewelry industry today.
Geographic Origin Determination of Ruby (英语)
The world ruby market has undergone dramatic change in recent years, especially with the development of ruby mining in Mozambique. This contribution outlines GIA’s methods and criteria for establishing the geographic origin of ruby.
A Review of Analytical Methods Used in Geographic Origin Determination of Gemstones (英语)
Geographic origin determination relies on a combination of gemological observations and advanced analytical tools. This contribution reviews the analytical methods commonly used to establish origin.
Geographic Origin Determination of Paraíba Tourmaline
Copper-bearing gem tourmaline, known as Paraíba tourmaline after the location of its original discovery, is prized for its vivid blue to green color. This article explains GIA’s use of quantitative chemical analyses to distinguish samples from Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique.
Geographic Origin Determination of Emerald
The relative chemical diversity of emeralds from different deposits worldwide allows clear origin determination in most cases. This contribution explains the criteria used by GIA to make geographic origin conclusions for emeralds.
Geology of Corundum and Emerald Gem Deposits: A Review
Over the last two decades, knowledge of the formation of gem deposits has improved significantly. This article reviews the state of our knowledge of the geology and genesis of gem corundum and emerald deposits.
Resin Imitation Ivory with a Pseudo “Engine-Turned” Structure
Resin materials marketed as imitation ivory were recently acquired by a GIA gemologist.
Large Laboratory-Grown Star Ruby and Sapphire
Laboratory-Grown Sapphire with Unusual Features
The Hong Kong laboratory recently examined a 14.36 ct pink-orange cushion mixed-cut specimen.
Opals Revisited
Artificial Glass Imitating Blue Amber
Artificial glass, a low-cost material, is capable of simulating any gemstone owing to its range of appearances (bodycolor, transparency, and phenomena).

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