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Figure 1. One of GIA’s new LA-ICP-MS corundum calibration standards sets (set number 1); the epoxy disk containing the set is 1.5 inches in diameter. NIST SRM 610 and 612 glass standards are included to account for trace and non-trace elements, such as those found in inclusions, that were not incorporated into the synthetic sapphire crystals grown for standards. Photo by Jennifer Stone-Sundberg.

Accurate Reporting of Key Trace Elements in Ruby and Sapphire Using Matrix-Matched Standards

Jennifer Stone-Sundberg, Timothy Thomas, Ziyin Sun, Yunbin Guan, Zachary Cole, Randy Equall, and John L. Emmett, January 26, 2018

Presents a group of corundum standards developed by GIA to improve the accuracy and efficiency of its laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) instruments.

Inclusions in Natural, Synthetic and Treated Ruby

Nathan D. Renfro, John I. Koivula, Jonathan Muyal, Shane F. McClure, Kevin Schumacher, and James E. Shigley, January 26, 2018

Provides a visual guide to the internal features of natural, synthetic and treated rubies.

Update on gemstone mining in Luc Yen, Vietnam

Pham Van Long, Vincent Pardieu, and Gaston Giuliani, January 31, 2014

Explores the emergence of the Luc Yen area as a producer of corundum, spinel, tourmaline and other coloured stones.

A New Method for Detecting Be Diffusion-Treated Sapphires: Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Michael S. Krzemnicki, Henry A. Hänni,, December 1, 2004

This article describes the first application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to gemmology.

Beryllium Diffusion of Ruby and Sapphire

John L. Emmett, et al., June 1, 2003

The heat treatment of corundum involving lattice diffusion of beryllium (Be) at temperatures over 1800°C has become a major issue in the gem trade.

“Diffusion Ruby” Proves to be Synthetic Ruby Overgrowth on Natural Corundum

Christopher P. Smith, June 1, 2002

A relatively new production of red corundum, reportedly from Bangkok, has been offered for sale in recent years.

Hydrothermal Synthetic Red Beryl from the Institute of Crystallography, Moscow

James E. Shigley, Shane F. McClure, March 1, 2001

Hydrothermal synthetic red beryl has been produced for jewellery applications.

Ruby and Sapphire from Jegdalek, Afghanistan

Gary W. Bowersox, Eugene E. Foord, June 1, 2000

This study provides detailed mining and gemmological information on the Jegdalek deposit, in east-central Afghanistan, which is hosted by elongate beds of corundum-bearing marble.

Some Diagnostic Features of Russian Hydrothermal Synthetic Rubies and Sapphires

Karl Schmetzer and Adolf Peretti, March 1, 1999

Most Russian hydrothermal synthetic rubies and pink, orange, green, blue and violet sapphires—coloured by chromium and/or nickel—reveal diagnostic zigzag or mosaic-like growth structures associated with colour zoning.

Separating Natural and Synthetic Rubies on the Basis of Trace-Element Chemistry

Sam Mulhmeister, Emmanuel Fritsch, June 1, 1998

Natural and synthetic gem rubies can be separated on the basis of their trace-element chemistry.

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